Abstract

A Model of Reality (AMOR) is a metatheory that unifies linguistics, mathematics, logic, computer science, and the philosophy of mindinto a coherent whole. Users represent small spreadsheets to the most significant corporate enterprise models.

We live in a world with numerous computer languages, database systems, and data analytics tools. The sheer number of these entitiesis a barrier to understanding. AMOR is a consistent and complete system whose coherence and simplicity foster understanding. AMOR ensures data curation by naming and describing every concept and connection.

Concepts

The AMOR origin is the concept of aConcept that defines all concepts, including itself. Concepts are concrete or abstract.Concrete concepts define objects, whereas abstract concepts do not.  Concept components connect to other concepts, while objects are composed of variables and properties. The collection of concepts has a hierarchical structure, with each concept inheriting its parent's concepts, connections, and object connections. A parent concept is general to all its subcases. A concept's cases have connections that are the sum of the parent concept's connections and case-specific connections.The concept/object paradigm is also called object-oriented programming. Itis central to most modern programming languages.

Objects

A concept defines every object byits connections to other objects. We reason and perceive based on concepts and their connections. Concepts contain uniform connections for all the objects they represent. All are in an immense tree structure. There are no branches that intersect other branches. Some branches are references to different points in "A Model of Reality."

Our minds contain concepts that describe the attributes of objects. When we see objects, our minds recognize them by matching concepts to the objects in our view. When recognizing familiar objects, our minds combine the concept and object information into a mental picture.

Connections

Connections either bind objects to objects or concepts to concepts. Connections areeither defined in a concept or inherited from parentconcepts. A person object connects to the following fields: Name, Birth Date, Place of Birth, Current Address, Mother's Name, and Father's Name.

You may edit a connection, add or delete objects from a list, and create new concepts, connections, and objects. Every connection is well-formed or marked as undefined. A reference is a list of indices from the concept of a concept to the target connection.

Types of Connections

A connection typeencompasses objects, lists of objects, indexes to an object within a list, character strings, numbers, and various specialized constructs. AMOR types are similar to data types in computer science. List-of-lists models the world in a massive hierarchical structure.

Programming Instructions - Presentation of flowchart units

Interpreter

Expressions

Connections

Types of Connections

List - Block - Function Return

Navigational View of AMOR

We navigate the world by sight and following conceptual models in our minds. These mental models are the memories of paths previously traveled. We can look at the physical world as an example. A path through the world is a series of connections. We see a path and objects in the distance. A branch in the path is a choice between the left and right connections. In the first encounter, these are abstractions we must approach to comprehend fully. What is behind that door? What do they do inside that building? What is that bird doing? These questions are abstractions that we need to examine to understand.

We perceive the world in three dimensions. As we walk, we encounter many paths to explore. When we enter a tree-lined path, our context shifts. Now, we notice the trees, streams, and plants. Some vibrant green moss may intrigue us. Upon closer inspection, we observe what seems to be numerous strands of green plant material. We have been navigating our environment, where our context is constantly evolving. On the tree-lined path, the outer context becomes less visible. We focus solely on the objects in our path. Examining the moss indicates that our mind has engaged with the context of the moss in our hands. We become less aware of the surrounding trees. This intuitive sense of navigation is central to AMOR. The Navigator follows connections and presents objects in a manner similar to an internet browser. Clicking on a referenced object directs us to that object. Zooming into objects unveils their composition. When focusing on an object, its defining concept appears at the bottom-left of the screen.

Enlightenment

We are entering a new age of enlightenment. Information technology puts knowledge within everyone’s reach. Cell phones perform tedious multiplication. Internet maps guide us through the world and provide instant geography lessons. Wikipedia offers definitions, explanations, and the history of the world.  Massive enterprise software organizes information for businesses and governments. However, much of present-day corporate knowledge is in enterprise models that require specialists to understand and modify. Many technologies support database management, programming, and data presentation. There is a steep learning curve to becoming competent in so many areas of technology.

A Model Of Reality (AMOR) will bring enlightenment through the unification of knowledge. Conceptual models are presented as concept maps, with concepts represented as circles and connections as lines. Hundreds of textbooks have titles similar to “Biology: Concepts and Connections.” Every concept is defined within AMOR, starting with the concept that defines all concepts, including itself. It is self-defining. Every concept inherits connections from its parent and defines additional connections for itself and its subcases.  AMOR demystifies

• Philosophy of concept, connection, and object
• Linguistics
• Semantics
• Programming
• Database Schemas
• Algebra, Logic, Programming, and Data Analytics.

Eventually, all structured knowledge will exist inside AMOR. Everyone will easily navigate the knowledge space, where every object is clearly and simply described. In twenty years, it will be used by people of all ages.  Young people will program simple video games and robots, just as they do with languages such as Scratch. Children who grow up using AMOR will develop skills in math, logic, and programming. This unity of knowledge will bring a new era of understanding. Researchers will use AMOR toorganize and analyze their data.  By 2033, small businesses will be able to handle administrative functions in AMOR. Eventually, large companies and government entities will use AMOR for all IT functions, ushering in a new era of enlightenment as the masses gain a deeper understanding of computing, mathematics, logic, and language structure.

AMOR ModelsThe World

AMOR is a single entity that exists as concepts and objects spread over the Internet. The user views AMOR as a unified model of reality, originating from the concept of a Concept. From this origin, paths lead to every concept and object in AMOR. A path is a series of references to objectsin lists. There are about 150 meta-concepts necessary to define "The World."The World concept defines lists of People, Companies, Governments, and Educational Institutions.

Every object has its place in the AMOR structure, with individuals or roles having authority over an object's existence, access, and content. Access rightsmust be satisfied to access an object.

Language of Thought:

Our language of thought is based on concepts, connections, and objects. Concepts describe both concrete objects in the world and abstract objects, such as numbers, functions, names, or symbols. The concept of a person connects to their Father, Mother, Siblings, and Spouse. John F. Kennedy is an embodiment of the concept of a Person, with connections to his father, Joseph F. Kennedy;his mother, Rose;his brothers, Robert and Edward "Ted"; and his spouse, Jacqueline. The concept car defines objects connected to color, doors, manufacturer, and cost.

The average human brain has approximately 87 billion neurons, each with around 7,000 synaptic connections to other neurons. These neurons and synapses represent concepts, connections, and objects.  The mind recognizes patterns to understand the world and minimize the information it needs to remember. When the mind discerns a repeating pattern, it constructs a conceptfrom the information common to all objects that fit the pattern. This concept describes the connections among the objects it defines. Connectionism is amodel of cognition thatposits that learning occurs when synaptic connections are modified.

Synapse Connections Made During Learning

The mind recognizes an object by matching mental concepts to the objects in our view. An object is perceived as a single unit, represented by concept-object connections.The question “What is this object?” is answered by the concept that describes the object. A child asks, “What’s that object in the cage?” A parent responds, “That object is a lion. That lion is named Simba.”

Presentation

Presentation is the visual representation of concepts, connections, and objects.Our current computing model relies on computer languages defined by syntax. However,  AMOR separates the presentation of computer programs from their representation. This idea was introduced in 1980 by Tim Teitelbaum with the Cornell ProgramSynthesizer, a Visual editor. Now, all popular programming languages have visual editors that promote visual thinking. Visual editors edit object-oriented abstract parse trees directly without using syntax. Tim Teitelbaum states, “Programs are not text; they are hierarchical compositions of computational structures and should be edited, executed, and debugged in an environment that consistently acknowledges and reinforces this viewpoint.”

Real-world objects exhibit a wide range of shapes, textures, colors, and boundaries. Large objects will have many component objects that nest within them. Just as we traverse the real world, the Editor can zoom in on smaller objects and then enter them. AMOR abandons the characterrepresentation of languages and edits its structural representation directly. The Editor dynamically generates a visual representation of concepts and objects.

The AMOR presentation utilizes nested images to present the content and structure of models. Every concept has a presentation function that draws a rectangular picture of the objects defined by that concept. The pictorial presentation marks a departure from our conventional programming paradigm, where strings of characters represent objects. The mind can rapidly comprehend a program's structure when presented with a visual language. Every move through AMOR reinforces the connection between the mind and the model. As each new object comes into focus, its concept is available. The user will rapidly understand all concepts and connections they access. Children will learn programming, mathematics, logic, and conceptual knowledge. Computer science and mathematical knowledge will be accessible to all.

Concept of Individual

Object of the Concept of the Individual

List of Individuals

Diagram Presentation

A robustvisual programming language defines lists of objects, instructions, and other complex constructs. User-defined diagrams extend AMOR in an expressive visual manner. The While Instruction is a flowchart that represents the meaning.

Mathematical Presentation

Algebraic formulas used in programming are presented with the standard mathematical notation. Users do not need to map algebraic pictorial formulas into a character-based syntax.

Mathematical formulas are presented in standard notation. Students and analytical users can manipulate mathematical formulas using the AMOR editor. High-level computer languages use syntax for mathematical expressions, a concept introduced by FORTRAN in the 1950s. It takes some effort to map mathematical expressions into a syntactical representation. AMOR uses mathematical expressions directly. After making changes, the editor writes precisely composed expressions and redraws all the assignment statements.

Representation is the methodology for mapping AMOR connection types onto computer memory

and internet data lakes.

AMOR Components

Navigator presents, browses, searches for, and edits concepts, connections, and objects in data lakes from Amazon, Google, and SAP. Navigator enters objects, exposing their component objects. These component objects can be entered, potentially revealing additional objects. Zooming in on an object exposes more details.

Interpreter executes  Instructions. As Interpreteris constructed within AMOR, it elegantly defines interpretation in terms of itself.

Why is AMOR needed?

Bernie Madoffran a multi-billion-dollar Ponzi scheme because only a few individuals had access to the company's database and knew how money was transferredbetween accounts. Instead of increasing visibility, the system remained opaque, accessible only to a few key people who could understand it.

The World Wide Web handles unstructured data,including text and graphics. The presentation is vivid, and searching is incredibly powerful. However, structured data in databases, files, and spreadsheets is not handled directly.

Most large institutions use a database to store data in tables defined by a database schema. A name and a datatype define each column of a table. Database join operations and programs express relationships between the tables. A criticism of the relational database model is that relationships are not part of the database schema; programming constructs define them. Knowing the total schema requires studying the schema and software procedures for data access. Although text documents are directly searchable and viewable with web browsers, structured data is not universally accessible. Creating, displaying, and modifying structured data requires writing special-case software.

Massive government databases are only available to those with an immediate need and the training to access them. Understanding the database's organization is challenging, given the vast number of government organizations and programs. USAFACTS.ORG is performing the heroic task of making sense of publicly available U.S. Government data. When the world's data is in AMOR, these reports will require much less effort and be more reliable.

Many universities have a single massive database for all administrative, teaching, and research activities. It takes years for database architects to become competent in managing the data. Casual users incursignificant overhead to understand and access the data. Systems must be simplified to facilitate learning and display the interrelationships between database tables. These enterprise models all involve structured data, which is managed using hundreds of different tools and applications.  There is minimaldatabase curation.

Current software environments require many knowledge domains:

• Operating systems are Microsoft Windows, Apple OS, and UNIX.
• The syntax of a language varies widely between C, C++, C#, Visual Basic, Java, and many other languages.
• Databases store data defined by schemas.
• Web applications require coding in HTML, XML, and Java.

Simple Language

Using simple language to name and describe the components of AMOR makes it easier to understand and learn. This simplicity is essential for young learners. Adopting the terms "concept," "object," and "connection" from academia, philosophy of mind, and logic helps bridge these domains. As AMOR is integrated with other bodies of knowledge, it will be accepted and become a universal tool for understanding. When AMOR becomes central to our world, it will be easier for people to discuss and share their models with colleagues.

Minimalist Model

We need a minimalist model capable of describing all knowledge. There must be a simple underlying structure, like the way we organize knowledge in our minds. We have a simple network of neurons that communicate with other neurons. The neuron offers a tree-shaped clue, connecting eachneuron to 7,000 others. Aristotle believed that we think hierarchically. The goal is to create a knowledge environment that can provide a thorough description of reality. The design must be almost intuitive. AMOR’s intuitiveness is evidence that its models resemble how the mind models the world.

Why is AMOR better?

AMOR is better than current computer programming environments because:

• AMORis easier to learn. It is self-documenting and self-defining.

• AMOR uses diagrams instead of strings of characters to represent concepts, connections, and objects. Programming instructions, presented as diagrams, are easy to read and understand.

• AMORscales to the infinite with a world model of computing.

• AMOR will containall structured knowledge. One can easily reference and edit data when the required permissions are met.

AMOR is a good model

Consistent - In Wang (1980), Kurt Gödel discussed the concept of a concept capable of defining all of logic. Concept is the origin of AMOR and defines every AMOR concept, including itself. Thus, AMOR is a self-defined model.

Static and Dynamic Models -A model should incorporate both the static and dynamic behaviors of its objects. A model should be one-to-one with the subject modeled. For every object in the real world, there should be a corresponding representation in the model. This correspondence between the model and real-world objects should be maintained as the model evolves.

Understandable -Concepts are explained in the simplest terms, so everyone, including children, can understand.

Agile -  AMOR models easily adapt to change.

Aesthetic -  A model should be easy to read and understand. The use of diagrams contributes to rapid understanding. There is no need to employ complicated syntax rules (e.g., operator precedence, matching parentheses) to remember keywords, include long programming structures, or use details like terminal semicolons.

AMOR uses graphics rather than strings of characters to communicate with the user, as the saying goes, “a picture is worth a thousand words." In present-day computer environments, source programs are written as strings of characters. A language translator parses the source string into a parse tree. The parse tree is said to represent the program's unambiguous meaning. From the parse tree, the language translator generates machine instructions that are executed by computer hardware. AMOR does the opposite. AMOR directly edits the parse tree of concepts, connections, and objects. Concepts define functions, programs, instructions, and objects. AMOR presents concepts, connections, and objects as diagrams. Concepts and objects are edited by selecting items from a menu. AMOR edits occur in the space of meaning, not in characters, ensuring that concepts and objects are well-formed and coherent.

As computer compilers construct parse trees to determine the meaning of computer languages, people parse programming statements to understand their meaning, applying elaborate syntactic rules. With graphical images, individual objects are recognized with little conscious thought. Navigator draws diagrams to represent concepts and objects. A concept has an appearance similar to the objects it defines. There is no need to format your program and objects for readability; this is done automatically.

Integrated Documentation

Currently, the documentation maintained with programs is limited to comments in function headers. Software documentation is so laborious that it is seldom performed. In AMOR, right-clicking an object displays its concept, along with a comprehensive description and its connections to other objects. Every concept and connection has a Name object that contains its title, acronym, and abstract. These name objects are a powerful way to document concepts, connections, and objects. Historically, program managers have requested program flowcharts, along with a discussion of what happens at each step. The AMOR diagram of programs uses the familiar flowchart structure.

Search

Searching for references to an object is more precise. The concept/object model makes for unambiguous references to objects. We can use exact terms in searches that return specific results. AMOR usestext search terms andunambiguous addresses of concepts and objects. For example, if you do a Google search for“Tony Barr,”you will get eight different results for “Tony Barr.” In the AMOR world, you would have an unambiguous reference to an object named “Tony Barr” in the list of people. The answer will be specific if you search for all references to the Tony Barr object.

Understanding and Semantics

Questions that can be phrased as “What’s this?” are answered by “It’s a (concept).” The concept of the object answers. Asconcepts describe all objects in AMOR, all “What’s this?”  questions have ready answers. Because each concept has a description containing a name, title, and description, you can quickly and systematically learn the structure of a new body of knowledge. The ability to build understandable models, represented byconcepts, connections, and objects,suggests that AMOR is similar to how the mind models the world.

AMOR programming environment is small, necessary, and sufficient

AMOR is built on algebra, concept-object theory, logic, and programming concepts. Most students are exposed to algebra in middle school. There is no syntax to learn because programs and data are created by an editor that understands each object's structure based on its defining concepts.

Learning mathematics in the AMOR environment requires significantly less detailed knowledge than is commonly taught in secondary schools. In middle school, students will learn math and programming together using AMOR, thereby eliminating much of the struggle associated with mathematics. Universities have taught mathematics using computer systems such asMaple, Mathematica, and MathCAD. Eleven-year-old students can learn math and programming with AMOR.

Power to the People

Most people can create models for their work or personal needs.Their models enable them to work independently of gurus and specialists. By reading the attached descriptions, ordinary people can explore new bodies of knowledge and gain a deeper understanding of their meaning.

Numbers have Units

All numbers include units to ensure high mathematical accuracy. Units serve as a consistency check, providing a level of power similar to type checking. Units are necessary for annotating data and graphical presentations.  Concepts are units.  AMOR has defined concepts for the units of the International System of Unitsand the Circulating currencies.

International Language Support

AMOR has robust support for multiple languages, currencies, and units. Name objects may be entered in various languages.  The AMORNavigator displays the name anddescriptionin the user's language. The reader's preferred language is used for product descriptions, scientific studies, programs, and business models.

AMOR does not have ambiguity problems associated with syntax

Gödel noted that syntax leads to parsing problems when systems refer to themselves. AMOR is self-defining; it talks about itself. There is no syntactic parsing in AMOR, so ambiguity is eliminated. Gödel’s Incompleteness Theorems do not apply to AMOR.

Search for Truth

The Truth is unknowable as it is infinite. We can settle for Shakespeare's “To thine own self be true” as a goal for knowing the truth. A “true” system is consistent. It is free of contradictions. You can always find an answer to the question, “What is this?”

Self-Definition

Self-definitionis achieved by using the AMOR concepts to define AMOR. The origin of AMOR is the concept of a concept that defines itself and all other concepts. Concrete concepts contain information common to all objects of the concept.

Data Analytics

Data analytics is integral to AMOR. The output of an analytic procedure is an AMOR object with an explicit connection to the data analyzed, and the results of analytic programs are AMOR objects.

Relational Database Connection

We live in a world built using the relational database model. Businesses, governments, and educational institutions utilize relational databases to model their organizational structures and operations. In the 1970s, the database became a central part of the computing world. The database solved two problems:

1. Local computers and terminals had limited memory, severely limiting their ability to process large amounts of data. On the other hand, databases store massive amounts of data that users can access via communication links, and computers can access unlimited amounts of data.
2. The database manages lists of references between objects. References are keys that are unique to an object in a list. A program can retrieve these references by using database queries.
3. AMOR uses a relationship connection to keep two reference lists in sync: a reference to and one from the list. For example, the Student object has a list of Courses. The Course object has a list of Students. When a student registers for a course, their list of Courses is increased, and the Course object has an additional student on its list of Students. The AMOR relationship connection provided the same reference-to and reference-from support as a database technology.

What is the future of AMOR?

Future

All structured knowledge will likely reside in AMOR. Young children will learn AMOR in the fifth grade. They will use it to learn mathematics, logic, programming, game development, and robotics. Scientists and engineers construct accurate models for their disciplines. Industry, governments, and educational institutions develop large enterprise models. Students, financial analysts, and others create smaller models in spreadsheets. These models are within AMOR's domain.

How do new paradigms become accepted? Typically, there is one domain in which the new paradigm is uniquely well-suited. As a comprehensive computing model, AMOR will be utilized as a teaching tool to illustrate how computers function and how to construct computer programs. Because AMOR is self-contained, requiring no external information to define any term, it is an innovative pedagogical tool. Compared to spreadsheets, the first release of AMOR will have much the same power and could be a helpful alternative. AMOR is ideal for teaching young people how computers work. The Full Impact of AMOR will take many years to realize.

The steps for bringing AMOR's full potential to life are outlined below.

Prototype AMOR Navigator and Interpreter Implementation

The prototype will illustrate the structure of the modeling system. The  Concept of a Concept is implemented using the most basic types, such as Pictures, Text, Numbers, Expressions, and Instructions.

Production Navigator and Interpreter for Single User

Navigator is running smoothly with expression evaluation and instruction interpretation.

Multi-user AMOR

Users can access and share data on other AMOR domains.  Individuals quickly learn AMOR and build models. Making changes and finding errors is easy. The initial market is for introducing young people to computer science.

Enterprise Model Used in Small Companies

Small companies can modify a standard AMOR Enterprise Model in the killer application to suit their needs.

Enterprises use Information Technology (IT) tools to store, analyze, and manipulate models of their business processes. It is a subset of the model of reality that drives the enterprise. These models include areas such as

• Customer Relations Models (CRM)

• Financial Accounting

• Human Resources

• Engineering

• Product Life Cycle

• Product Management

• Supply Chain Management

• Management Accounting

• Budget

• Costing

• Activity-Based Costing (ABC)

Analytical Tools Added

The standard statistical tools integrated into AMOR empower small businesses. AMOR features tools for descriptive statistics, charting, tabulation, regression analysis, analysis of variance, and other statistical techniques.

Enterprise Model Used in Medium Companies

Some departments in medium- and large-sized companies have started using AMOR. It is popular in more analytical areas. As the capabilities of analytical tools increase, AMOR becomes an alternative to Excel and SAS.

Cultural Awareness

As people realize the power of AMOR, they begin to ask questions. Why use the older tools?  AMOR is solid, robust, agile, complete, and widely accepted. When some medium-sized companies realize that everyone at the company can understand AMOR, they decide to program all software in AMOR. All staff members can express themselves in AMOR.  There is no need for gurus to understand the tools; only the enterprise processes are essential.

Educational Use

AMOR will become of interest in academia as the ultimate knowledge representation tool. Some Computer Science departments use AMOR as a research tool.

The introduction of AMOR in the sixth grade has shown that students learn math quickly and, at the same time, how to program.  Students do not have to know the syntax of mathematical expressions. There is no need to develop writing skills to compose well-crafted mathematical expressions. The AMOR editor automatically composes aesthetic images of expression. Parsing a picture is hard-wired in our minds. While parsing symbols is a learned skill. The concepts that define the mathematical object are also visible in the user interface.

Advanced students can perform calculus within AMOR, as advanced mathematical tools are seamlessly integrated into the system.

With the addition of graphics primitives to AMOR, simple video games can now be created within the AMOR framework. Children can create animated gift cards and video games. The visual programming language SCRATCH was introduced in 2016 and now has 74 million users among young people. The AMOR visual language does not use syntax, making it far easier to learn. Some children compose programs with more than 1000 instructions.

Ultimate Vision

AMOR will become a new paradigm for computing and knowledge representation.  It will be adopted as the universal computer representation by some smaller developing countries seeking ultra-transparency in their computer technology.  Conceivably, China would decide to build its version of AMOR. In countries like the United States, there will be several competing significant systems, such as AMOR. In these countries, an industry will be established to transfer data from System A to System B. Operating systems will no longer be defined by folders or files; instead, they will support the AMOR standard.

People worldwide will realize that AMOR helps them think more clearly. AMOR provides the tools to model any body of knowledge, including business, science, government, medicine, the military, and more. When AMOR contains most of the world’s models, it will be a model of reality. Eventually, A Model Of Reality will become a global brain, uniting all knowledge and people.

Paradigm Shifts

AMOR introduces paradigm shifts that change our modeling, understanding, and worldview of language. These paradigm shifts bring enlightenment through a more consistent and comprehensive model of reality.

Presentation as Diagrams vs. Syntax

Diagrams, not strings of characters, are used to present concepts and objects. Conventional programming languages use strings of characters to both present and represent concepts and objects. Rules of syntax, not structure, define programming languages. Considerable training is required to master a programming language's syntax. A pictorial presentation of concepts, objects, and programs is almost intuitively understood. Children recognize the structure of AMOR objects by seeing pictures within pictures.

Self Defining

“I am that I am.”—God

Shakespeare's statement,“To Thine Self Be True,” is a goal worth pursuing. We may never know the truth, but at least we can be true to ourselves. How can a computer system be true to itself?  The AMOR answer is that AMOR definitions are defined in terms of other AMOR definitions. This self-definition yields loops of definitions. You follow definitions and end up back where you started. However, you are not lost. These circles are no different than walking through a strange city. You find yourself crossing paths with a place you previously visited. You do not feel lost. Contrarily, you are more confident that you have learned how to find your way.

A concept defines every object in AMOR. The concept of a concept defines itself and all other concepts. The first connection in Concept is the list of connections from Concept to different concepts. The first connection defines itself as a list of connections. The AMOR instruction Interpreteris a program represented by AMOR instructions.

Many programming languages support user-defined macros that extend their base language. There is no need for a macro facility in AMOR, as it is easy to define new AMOR instructions.

References

A Logical Journey. From Gödel to Philosophy

Hao Wang takes us into Gödel’s thoughts. Gödel described the concept of a concept as the foundation of logic. (chapter 8, page 247)

“From 1953 to the beginning of 1959, he spent a great deal of his effort on the Carnap paper, in which he tries to prove that mathematics is not the syntax of language and argues in favor of some form of Platonism.”

Since AMOR is not defined using syntax, Gödel's incompleteness theoremsare not applicable.

AMOR Features and Benefits

AMOR Overview With Examples

Anthony James Barr - Wikipedia

Beyond Blocks: Syntax and Semantics | May 2016 | Communications

Millions of young students have become proficient in the programming language SCRATCH. It uses a visual presentation of the program code. Children can quickly parse and understand programs expressed in diagrams. Parsing a programming language represented as a sequence of symbols requires considerable training and experience. Programming using diagrams is easier to learn, write, and debug.

Concept and Object - Wikipedia

Gottlob Frege introduced the distinction between concepts and objects into the discussion of the philosophy of language. AMOR shares this perspective.

Concept Map - Wikipedia

Concept maps illustrate relationships between concepts in education, engineering, and technical writing. AMOR uses the same term for the map formed by the network of concepts, connections, and objects. A concept map presentation illustrates the connections between concepts. This picture is similar to the cognitive map in our brains. Our internal mental maps organize our thoughts, enabling us to think about the world in a structured and coherent manner. Many concepts and objects we carry are culturally defined and do not exist in a concrete sense. Ideas such as numbers, length, time, character, and color are purely mental concepts that do not exist as objects in the world. These are abstract concepts. Connectionism ideas have motivated progress in artificial intelligence.

Conceptual Modeling in Physics, Mathematics, and Cognitive Science

A mental model coordinated with a symbolic representation is called a conceptual model. Conceptual models provide symbolic expressions with meaning.

Connecting Concepts is How Children Build Understanding

TheMontessori Method focuses on building connections between the concepts the child is familiar with and more abstract concepts.

Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge

E. O. Wilson describes how the sciences and humanities can be united into a coherent whole. He traces the idea to Descartes’s dreams of knowledge connected into a seamless whole. Unification is a central theme in many religions and philosophical traditions.  AMOR unifies computer science, algebra, logic, and the Computational Theory of Mind.

Frink Language by Alan Eliason

Frink has a comprehensive treatment of units in mathematical expressions.

Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braidby Hofstadter, Douglas.

Infinity Map

Cases and connections organize infinity maps, forming a fusion of mind maps and concept maps. Infinity maps are similar to AMOR. The iMapping browser utilizes zooming to delve into an abstraction and display more details. Zooming is a central feature of AMOR.

Inspiration for A Model Of Reality

Many people have motivated this research, for which I am very grateful.

Knowledge Graph

Knowledge graphs, prominent in search and artificial intelligence applications, are databases of concepts, connections, and semantics. The Google Knowledge Graph is central to its web search. AMOR is also a knowledge graph. The first step in understanding a sentence is for the brain to construct a parse tree that represents its meaning. The grammar of a sentence defines a syntax tree. It is similar to the concept of a sentence that establishes a sentence object. The brain uses this sentence object to update its knowledge graph without parsing strings of symbols.

Language of Thought Hypothesis | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy

The language of thought hypothesis states that thought occurs within a mental language. The AMOR theory posits that language employs syntax trees structured by concepts and their connections, and this same structure stores all knowledge.

Educators, mathematicians, logicians, AI theorists, computer scientists, and cognitive scientists all face similar challenges in representing and presenting knowledge. Programmers model reality with computers, while people model reality with their minds. By unifying knowledge representation, society can progress to higher levels of understanding.

Mind Map - Wikipedia

As Tony Buzan explains in The Power of a Mind to Map, mind maps organize knowledge like the AMOR method.

Model Dependent Realism - Wikipedia

“Model-dependent realism asserts that all we can know about "reality" consists of networks of world pictures that explain observations by connecting them by rules to concepts defined in models.”

Models | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy

No Silver Bullet – Essence and Accident in Software Engineering

Dr. FredBrooksbelievedthatflowchartsmake itimpossible tovisualizemore extensive programs. However, the AMOR Editoruses multiple levels of abstraction to view programs. This navigation is similar to how we see the world.

Our World In Data

Our World in Data’s mission is to publish the ”research and data to make progress against the world’s largest problems.”

Ontology engineering - Wikipedia

Ontology engineering shares the AMOR model, which comprises concepts, connections, and objects.  Ontologies describe large software models.

Paperwork, Governance, and Archive in the British Empire During the Age of Revolutions | Academic Commons. Siddique, A. (2022).

The Egyptians may have originated structured knowledge. In the 1800s, the British Empire administered its subjects through forms filled out in the colonies and overseen by bureaucrats in England.

Phenomenology, Logic, and the Philosophy of Mathematics

In Gödel’s essay, “Is mathematics syntax of language?” Gödel argues against the claim that syntax defines mathematics.

SELF-DEFINITION OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

The metacircular interpreter is an example of an operational self-definition of a programming language. Structurally, it is identical to the AMOR Interpreter. However, the AMOR interpreter is understandable by a much wider audience.

The Cornell Program Synthesizer: A Syntax-Directed Programming Environment

Tim Teitelbaum asserts: “Programs are not text; they are hierarchical compositions of computational structures and should be edited, executed, and debugged in an environment that consistently acknowledges and reinforces this viewpoint.”

The Programmer as Navigator by Charles W. Bachman

Charles Bachmann, the father of the hierarchical database management system, describes the programmer's mental perspective while navigating database connections. Although the hierarchical database model has been largely discarded, it remains the foundation of AMOR. The Netscape Navigator was the first widely used internet browser, andBachman data structure diagrams are still widely used to build conceptual models of databases.

The Universal Hierarchy of Abstraction: Framework for a Mathematical Epistemology

This article is a quest for a complete representation of reality. The paper confirms that others seek a comprehensive model representing all structured information.

Time to Reinspect the Foundations?

The CACM Viewpoint article questions whether or not computer science is outgrowing its traditional foundations. A new abstract computing machine is needed to replace the Turing Machine. A new paradigm for knowledge representation can replace language-based representations that rely on syntax and semantics. Gödel’s Theorem is based on the certainty of syntactic ambiguity when theorems talk about theorems. Data structure representation eliminates syntactical ambiguity.

Unified Modeling Language -Wikipedia

The Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a visual modeling language that provides a standard for visualizing complex computer systems. The UML data modeling describes cases, subcases, and relations similarly to AMOR’s concept, connection, and object metaphor. The AMOR concept, connection, and decision instruction have structures similar to those of the UML Data Model and UML decision tables. UML aspires to be a programming environment. However, UML is used only to generate database schemas, use cases, and state diagrams. UML does not define programming instructions. UML uses metamodels to talk about itself. AMOR is self-defining and is its metamodel. AMOR does not require a separate meta-model to describe its form and meaning.

Visual Programming Is Unbelievable… Here’s Why We Don’t Believe in It

The article shows that many skeptics are close-minded about using diagrams to represent programming constructs.

Visual programming language - Wikipedia

Users create programs graphically rather than using text. AMOR is a visual language.

1931: Theoretical Computer Science & AI Theoryis foundedbyGödel

Gödel became famous as a young mathematician when he published his incompleteness theorem. It stated that syntactical ambiguity would doom any attempt to have a complete set of mathematical proofs. However, this thesis argues that mathematical proofs expressed in data structures eliminate this imitation.

OPEN-AI's Review of AMOR

Comparison between OPEN-AI and AMOR.

Models | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy

Database as a model of reality

AMOR Features and Benefits

Ease of Use

1. AMOR demystifies language, making it easier to understand.  There is no syntax.
2. AMOR is self-documenting, making learning easier. The system contains all definitions, making everything easily accessible.
3. AMOR restricts the entry of a statement that it does not understand.
4. AMOR liberates language from problems of syntactic ambiguity.  It does not use syntax to create language from strings of symbols; it uses a structural approach.
5. AMOR is curated; every concept and connection has a name and description.
6. AMOR describes every aspect of computing.
7. Knowledge reorganization is easy to express and implement with minimal effort. There is no “Database Reorganization Problem.”

Expressive

8. AMOR deals with ideas as objects.  One describes objects and behaviors in terms of concepts rather than data.
9. It is easy to express real-world objects in AMOR. A one-to-one correspondence exists between objects in AMOR and objects in the real and conceptual worlds. Business, scientific, and mathematical models are also easily expressed.
10. Multi-national language support is comprehensive and integral to the AMOR design. AMOR can present an object in English, French, Russian, or Chinese.
11. Programming objects are presented with pictures similar to those used in flowcharts.

Complete and Consistent

12. One editor knows all languages.
13. AMOR explains all facets of computing, including:
14. Machine architecture
15. Language and grammar
16. Programming
17. Data Bases
18. AMOR describes every aspect of computing. It is its metalanguage.
19. The explanation of the interpreter is in terms of itself.
20. Explanation of the grammar is in terms of itself.
21. AMOR provides clear and precise semantics through a simple tree representation.
22. The Concept of a Concept defines itself and all other Concepts.

Power

23. AMOR describes every aspect of computing.

24. It is easy to create programs to transform existing objects and create new ones. Computing is expressed as functions, expressions, and programs that manipulate AMOR objects.  You always stay within a linguistic world.

25. AMOR allows virtually unlimited expressions. (Functional Programming Model).

26. All types are first-class citizens (Scott-Strachey). An object is said to be a first-class citizen if it can be:

27. Assigned to variables

28. Passed as parameters to subroutines

29. Returned as the results of function calls

30. Select by means of conditional expressions

31. Stored in data structures

32. AMOR can manipulate its data structure and generate programs in its language.

33. Distributed nodes enable different enterprises to host their data while remaining logically part of AMOR.  It is highly scalable.

34. A list of objects is equivalent to a database table.

35. Analytical tools such as multiple regression, analysis of variance, and simple statistics are a natural part of AMOR.

Secure

31. The AMOR security model aligns with traditional enterprise organizational structures, making it easy to administer while offering both visibility and control over changes.

Search Engines

32. The AMOR search engine can search for references to ideas in data or programs.  Since all knowledge is stored conceptually as points in knowledge space, there is no syntactic ambiguity and little semantic ambiguity.  Search is performed in conceptual space, not the space of symbols.

Copyright © 2025  Tony Barr  TonyBarr@AModelOfRealright-clickingority.com